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What resource has brought riches to the regions surrounding the Persian Gulf?

Written By السبت، 9 أبريل 2022 Add Comment Edit

Arm of the Indian Ocean in western Asia

"Gulf Region" redirects here. For the region in Australia, see Gulf Country.

Persian Gulf
PersianGulf vue satellite du golfe persique.jpg

Farsi Gulf from space
Location Western Asia
Coordinates Coordinates: 26°N 52°East  /  26°N 52°E  / 26; 52
Type Gulf
Primary inflows Gulf of Oman
Bowl countries Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates and Oman (exclave of Musandam)
Max. length 989 km (615 mi)
Surface area 251,000 km2 (97,000 sq mi)
Average depth 50 m (160 ft)
Max. depth xc m (300 ft)

Farsi Gulf at Night from ISS, 2020.

The Persian Gulf (Farsi: خلیج فارس, romanized: xalij-e fârs , lit.'Gulf of Fars', pronounced [xæliːdʒe fɒːɾs]), sometimes called the Arabian Gulf (Arabic: اَلْخَلِيْجُ ٱلْعَرَبِيُّ, romanized: Al-Khalīj al-ˁArabī ), is a mediterranean body of water in Western asia. The body of water is an extension of the Indian Body of water located between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula.[1] It is connected to the Gulf of Oman in the east by the Strait of Hormuz. The Shatt al-Arab river delta forms the northwest shoreline.

The Farsi Gulf has many fishing grounds, extensive reefs (generally rocky, just also coral), and abundant pearl oysters, but its ecology has been damaged by industrialization and oil spills.

The Persian Gulf is in the Persian Gulf Basin, which is of Cenozoic origin and related to the subduction of the Arabian Plate under the Zagros Mountains.[ii] The current flooding of the basin started xv,000 years ago due to rising ocean levels of the Holocene glacial retreat.[3]

Geography

The International Hydrographic System defines the Western farsi Gulf'south southern limit every bit "The Northwestern limit of Gulf of Sultanate of oman". This limit is divers every bit "A line joining Ràs Limah (25°57'N) on the coast of Arabia and Ràs al Kuh (25°48'N) on the coast of Iran (Persia)".[4]

This inland body of water of some 251,000 square kilometres (96,912 sq mi) is connected to the Gulf of Oman in the east past the Strait of Hormuz; and its western end is marked past the major river delta of the Shatt al-Arab, which carries the waters of the Euphrates and the Tigris. In Iran, this is chosen "Arvand Rood", where "Rood" means "river". Its length is 989 kilometres (615 miles), with Iran covering well-nigh of the northern declension and Kingdom of saudi arabia most of the southern declension. The Persian Gulf is about 56 km (35 mi) wide at its narrowest, in the Strait of Hormuz. Overall, the waters are very shallow, with a maximum depth of 90 metres (295 feet) and an boilerplate depth of 50 metres (164 feet).

Countries with a coastline on the Farsi Gulf are (clockwise, from n): Iran; Oman'due south Musandam exclave; the United Arab Emirates; Saudi arabia; Qatar, on a peninsula off the Saudi coast; Bahrain, an isle nation; Kuwait; and Iraq in the northwest. Various pocket-size islands besides lie within the Persian Gulf, some of which are the subject of territorial disputes betwixt the states in the region.

Sectional economical zone

Exclusive economic zones in the Persian Gulf:[5] [6]

Number State Area (km2)
1 Iran 97,860
ii United Arab Emirates 52,455
3 Kingdom of saudi arabia 33,792
4 Qatar 31,819
v State of kuwait 11,786
half dozen Bahrain viii,826
7 Oman three,678
viii Iraq 540
Total Persian Gulf 240,756

Coastlines

Countries by coastline length:

Number State Length
1 Iran 1,536
2 Saudi Arabia i,300
3 United Arab Emirates 900
4 Qatar 563
5 State of kuwait 499
6 Bahrain 161
seven Oman 100
8 Republic of iraq 58
Total Western farsi Gulf 5,117

Islands

The Farsi Gulf is habitation to many islands such as Bahrain, an Arab state. Geographically, the biggest island in the Persian Gulf is Qeshm island, belonging to Islamic republic of iran and located in the Strait of Hormuz. Other significant islands in the Persian Gulf include Greater Tunb, Lesser Tunb and Kish administered by Iran, Bubiyan administered by State of kuwait, Tarout administered by Saudi Arabia, and Dalma administered by UAE. In recent years, there has besides been the addition of artificial islands for tourist attractions, such as The World Islands in Dubai and The Pearl-Qatar in Doha. Persian Gulf islands are often also historically significant, having been used in the past by colonial powers such as the Portuguese and the British in their trade or as acquisitions for their empires.[7]

Oceanography

The Persian Gulf is connected to the Indian Ocean through the Strait of Hormuz. Writing the water balance budget for the Persian Gulf, the inputs are river discharges from Iran and Iraq (estimated to be two,000 cubic metres (71,000 cu ft) per 2d), as well equally atmospheric precipitation over the sea which is around 180 mm (7.1 in)/year in Qeshm Island. The evaporation of the ocean is loftier, so that after because river belch and rain contributions, at that place is notwithstanding a deficit of 416 cubic kilometres (100 cu mi) per year.[8] This difference is supplied past currents at the Strait of Hormuz. The water from the Persian Gulf has a college salinity, and therefore exits from the bottom of the Strait, while ocean h2o with less salinity flows in through the top. Another study revealed the following numbers for h2o exchanges for the Western farsi Gulf: evaporation = –1.84 chiliad (half dozen.0 ft)/year, precipitation = 0.08 m (0.26 ft)/year, arrival from the Strait = 33.66 thousand (110.iv ft)/year, outflow from the Strait = -32.11 one thousand (105.3 ft)/year, and the residual is 0 k (0 ft)/twelvemonth.[9] Information from different 3D computational fluid mechanics models, typically with spatial resolution of iii kilometres (1.9 mi) and depth each element equal to 1–10 metres (3.three–32.viii ft) are predominantly used in computer models.

Name

In 550 BC, the Achaemenid Empire established the get-go aboriginal empire in Persis (Pars, or modern Fars), in the southwestern region of the Iranian plateau.[10] Consequently, in the Greek sources, the body of water that bordered this province came to be known equally the "Persian Gulf".[11] In the book of Nearchus known equally The Indikê (300 BC), the word "Persikon kaitas" is mentioned for multiple times significant "Persian gulf".[12]

During the years 550 to 330 BC, coinciding with the sovereignty of the Achaemenid Western farsi Empire over the Middle East area, especially the whole role of the Persian Gulf and some parts of the Arabian Peninsula, the proper name of "Pars Ocean" is widely found in the compiled written texts.[one]

In the travel account of Pythagoras, several chapters are related to clarification of his travels accompanied past the Achaemenid king Darius the Cracking, to Susa and Persepolis, and the expanse is described. From among the writings of others in the same period, there is the inscription and engraving of Darius the Great, installed at junction of waters of Blood-red Body of water and the Nile river and the Rome river (current Mediterranean) which belongs to the 5th century BC where Darius the Bang-up has named the Persian Gulf H2o Aqueduct: "Pars Ocean" ("Farsi Bounding main").[one] Rex Darius says:[13]

I ordered to dig this (Suez) culvert from the river that is called Nile and flows in Egypt, to the sea that begins in Pars. Therefore, when this canal had been dug as I had ordered, ships went from Egypt through this canal to Pars, equally I had intended.

Considering the historical background of the name Persian Gulf, Sir Arnold Wilson mentions in a book published in 1928 that "no water channel has been so pregnant as the Farsi Gulf to the geologists, archaeologists, geographers, merchants, politicians, excursionists, and scholars whether in by or in present. This water channel which separates the Islamic republic of iran Plateau from the Arabia Plate, has enjoyed an Iranian Identity since at least 2200 years ago."[1] [14] Earlier being given its nowadays name, the Western farsi Gulf was called many dissimilar names. The classical Greek writers, like Herodotus, called it "the Red Sea." In Babylonian texts, information technology was known as "the sea to a higher place Akkad."[ commendation needed ] The Assyrians called it the "Bitter Sea".[15]

A historical map of the Farsi Gulf in a Dubai museum with the word Persian removed[16] [17]

Naming dispute

The body of water is historically and internationally known as the Western farsi Gulf.[18] [xix] [20] Arab governments refer to it every bit the Arabian Gulf or The Gulf,[21] and other countries and organizations have begun using Arabian Gulf.[22] The proper noun Gulf of Iran (Persian Gulf) is used past the International Hydrographic Organization.[23]

The dispute in naming has become especially prevalent since the 1960s.[24] Rivalry between Iran and some Arab states, along with the emergence of pan-Arabism and Arab nationalism, has seen the name "Arabian Gulf" become predominant in most Arab countries.[25] [26] Names beyond these two accept also been applied to or proposed for this trunk of water.

History

Ancient history

Picture depicting extent of early civilizations effectually the Persian Gulf, including Lackhmids and Sassanids.

Earliest evidence of man presence on Persian Gulf islands dates back to Middle Paleolithic and consist of stone tools discovered at Qeshm Island.[27] The world'due south oldest known civilization (Sumer) developed along the Farsi Gulf and southern Mesopotamia. The shallow basin that now underlies the Persian Gulf was an extensive region of river valley and wetlands during the transition between the finish of the Last Glacial Maximum and the start of the Holocene, which, according to University of Birmingham archeologist Jeffrey Rose, served every bit an environmental refuge for early on humans during periodic hyperarid climate oscillations, laying the foundations for the legend of Dilmun.[28]

The oldest evidence in the world for seagoing vessels has been found at H3 in Kuwait, dating to the mid-sixth millennium BC, when the Gulf was part of an extensive trade network that involved the Ubaid settlements in Mesopotamia and communities along the entire Gulf declension.[29]

For almost of the early history of the settlements in the Western farsi Gulf, the southern shores were ruled by a serial of nomadic tribes. During the stop of the fourth millennium BC, the southern part of the Farsi Gulf was dominated by the Dilmun civilization. For a long time the most of import settlement on the southern coast of the Western farsi Gulf was Gerrha. In the 2d century the Lakhum tribe, who lived in what is at present Yemen, migrated north and founded the Lakhmid Kingdom along the southern coast. Occasional ancient battles took place forth the Persian Gulf coastlines, between the Sassanid Persian empire and the Lakhmid Kingdom, the most prominent of which was the invasion led by Shapur II against the Lakhmids, leading to Lakhmids' defeat, and advancement into Arabia, along the southern shore lines.[xxx] During the 7th century the Sassanid Farsi empire conquered the whole of the Persian Gulf, including southern and northern shores.

Between 625 BC and 226 AD, the northern side was dominated past a succession of Persian empires including the Median, Achaemenid, Seleucid and Parthian empires. Under the leadership of the Achaemenid king Darius the Great (Darius I), Persian ships constitute their way to the Persian Gulf.[31] Persian naval forces laid the foundation for a potent Persian maritime presence in Persian Gulf, that started with Darius I and existed until the arrival of the British Eastward Bharat Visitor, and the Royal Navy past mid-19th century Advertising. Persians were non only stationed on islands of the Persian Gulf, but also had ships often of 100 to 200 capacity patrolling empire'due south diverse rivers including Shatt-al-Arab, Tigris, and the Nile in the west, likewise as Sind waterway, in India.[31]

The Achaemenid high naval command had established major naval bases located forth Shatt al-Arab river, Bahrain, Oman, and Yemen. The Western farsi fleet would soon non only be used for peacekeeping purposes forth the Shatt al-Arab but would also open the door to trade with India via Western farsi Gulf.[31] [32]

Following the autumn of Achaemenid Empire, and afterward the fall of the Parthian Empire, the Sassanid Empire ruled the northern one-half and at times the southern half of the Persian Gulf. The Persian Gulf, forth with the Silk Road, were important trade routes in the Sassanid Empire. Many of the trading ports of the Persian empires were located in or around Persian Gulf. Siraf, an ancient Sassanid port that was located on the northern shore of the Farsi gulf, located in what is at present the Iranian province of Bushehr, is an case of such commercial port. Siraf, was also significant in that it had a flourishing commercial trade with China by the 4th century, having beginning established connectedness with the far east in 185 AD.[33]

Colonial era

Portuguese influence in the Persian Gulf lasted for 250 years;[34] however, since the showtime of the 16th-century, Portuguese dominance[35] contended with the local powers and the Ottoman Empire. Post-obit the arrival of the English and the Dutch, the Safavid Empire allied with the newcomers to contest Portuguese authorisation of the seas in the 17th century.[36]

Portuguese expansion into the Indian Bounding main in the early on 16th century following Vasco da Gama'due south voyages of exploration saw them boxing the Ottomans up the coast of the Persian Gulf. In 1521, a Portuguese forcefulness led by commander Antonio Correia invaded Bahrain to take control of the wealth created past its pearl industry. On Apr 29, 1602, Shāh Abbās, the Persian emperor of the Safavid Persian Empire, expelled the Portuguese from Bahrain,[37] and that date is commemorated as National Persian Gulf day in Islamic republic of iran.[38] With the back up of the British fleet, in 1622 'Abbās took the isle of Hormuz from the Portuguese; much of the trade was diverted to the town of Bandar 'Abbās, which he had taken from the Portuguese in 1615 and had named afterward himself. The Western farsi Gulf was therefore opened to a flourishing commerce with the Portuguese, Dutch, French, Spanish and the British merchants, who were granted particular privileges. The Ottoman Empire reasserted itself into Eastern Arabia in 1871.[39] Under armed services and political force per unit area from the governor of the Ottoman Vilayet of Baghdad, Midhat Pasha, the ruling Al Thani tribe submitted peacefully to Ottoman dominion.[40] The Ottomans were forced to withdraw from the area with the get-go of Globe War I and the need for troops in diverse other frontiers.[41] In Earth War Two, the Western Allies used Iran equally a conduit to transport military machine and industrial supply to the USSR, through a pathway known historically as the "Western farsi Corridor". Britain utilized the Persian Gulf as the entry point for the supply concatenation in guild to make use of the Trans-Iranian Railway.[42] The Persian Gulf therefore became a critical maritime path through which the Allies transported equipment to Soviet Wedlock confronting the Nazi invasion.[43] The piracy in the Persian Gulf was prevalent until the 19th century. Many of the most notable historical instances of piracy were perpetrated by the Al Qasimi tribe. This led to the British mounting the Persian Gulf entrada of 1819.[44] The campaign led to the signing of the General Maritime Treaty of 1820 between the British and the Sheikhs of what was and then known as the 'Pirate Coast'. From 1763 until 1971, the British Empire maintained varying degrees of political command over some of the Farsi Gulf states, including the United Arab Emirates (originally called the Trucial States)[45] and at diverse times Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, and Qatar through the British Residency of the Farsi Gulf.

Modernistic history

The Persian Gulf was a battlefield of the 1980–1988 Iran–Iraq War, in which each side attacked the other's oil tankers. It is the namesake of the 1991 Gulf War, the largely air- and land-based conflict that followed Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. The U.s.' role in the Persian Gulf grew in the second half of the Twentieth Century.[46] On July 3, 1988, Iran Air Flight 655 was shot down by the U.S. armed forces (which had mistaken the Airbus A300 operating the flying for an Iranian F-14 Tomcat) while information technology was flying over the Farsi Gulf, killing all 290 people on board.[47] The United Kingdom maintains a profile in the region; in 2006 alone, over 1 one thousand thousand British nationals visited Dubai.[48] [49] In 2018, the Great britain opened a permanent military base, HMSJufair, in the Persian Gulf, the first since information technology withdrew from Due east of Suez in 1971 and is developing a support facility in Oman.[50] [51] [52]

Cities and population

8 nations take coasts along the Farsi Gulf: Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. The Farsi gulf's strategic location has made information technology an ideal place for human evolution over time. Today, many major cities of the Middle East are located in this region.

Wildlife

The wildlife of the Persian Gulf is diverse, and entirely unique because of the Farsi Gulf's geographic distribution and its isolation from the international waters only breached past the narrow Strait of Hormuz. The Persian Gulf has hosted some of the almost magnificent marine fauna and flora, some of which are near extirpation or at serious environmental hazard. From corals, to dugongs, Persian Gulf is a various cradle for many species who depend on each other for survival. However, the Persian Gulf is non every bit biologically diverse as the Cherry-red Sea.[53]

Overall, the wild life of the Western farsi Gulf is endangered from both global factors, and regional, local negligence. Most pollution is from ships; land generated pollution counts as the second most common source of pollution.[54]

Aquatic mammals

Forth the mediterranean regions of the Arabian Sea, including the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, the Gulf of Kutch, the Gulf of Suez, the Gulf of Aqaba, the Gulf of Aden, and the Gulf of Oman, dolphins and finless porpoises are the most mutual marine mammals in the waters, while larger whales and orcas are rarer today.[55] Historically, whales had been abundant in the Persian gulf before commercial hunts wiped them out.[56] [57] Whales were reduced even further by illegal mass hunts by the Soviet Matrimony and Japan in the 1960s and 1970s.[58] Along with Bryde'southward whales,[59] [sixty] [61] [62] these once common residents tin can still tin be seen in deeper marginal seas such as Gulf of Aden,[63] Israel coasts,[64] and in the Strait of Hormuz.[65] Other species such as the critically endangered Arabian humpback whale,[66] (as well historically common in Gulf of Aden[67] and increasingly sighted in the Cherry-red Sea since 2006, including in the Gulf of Aqaba),[64] omura'southward whale,[68] [69] minke whale, and orca also swim into the Persian gulf, while many other big species such as blue whale,[70] sei,[71] and sperm whales were once migrants into the Gulf of Oman and off the coasts in deeper waters,[72] and notwithstanding migrate into the Cherry Ocean,[73] but mainly in deeper waters of outer seas. In 2017, waters of the Persian Gulf along Abu Dhabi were revealed to hold the world's largest population of Indo-Pacific humpbacked dolphins.[74] [75] [76]

1 of the more unusual marine mammals living in the Western farsi Gulf is the dugong (Dugong dugon). Also called "sea cows", for their grazing habits and mild manner resembling livestock, dugongs have a life expectancy similar to that of humans and they can abound upwards to three metres (ix.8 anxiety) in length. These gentle mammals feed on body of water grass and are closer relatives of certain land mammals than are dolphins and whales.[77] Their simple grass diet is negatively affected by new developments along the Persian Gulf coastline, particularly the structure of artificial islands by Arab states and pollution from oil spills caused during the "Persian Gulf war" and various other natural and artificial causes. Uncontrolled hunting has also had a negative bear on on the survival of dugongs.[77] After Australian waters, which are estimated to contain some fourscore,000 dugong inhabitants, the waters off Qatar, Bahrain, UAE, and Saudi Arabia brand the Persian Gulf the second most of import habitat for the species, hosting some vii,500 remaining dugongs. However, the current number of dugongs is dwindling and it is non clear how many are currently live or what their reproductive trend is.[77] [78] Unfortunately, ambitious and uncalculated structure schemes, political unrest, ever-nowadays international disharmonize, the almost lucrative globe supply of oil, and the lack of cooperation between Arab states and Islamic republic of iran, have had a negative touch on on the survival of many marine species, including dugongs.

Birds

The Persian Gulf is also home to many migratory and local birds. There is great variation in color, size, and blazon of the bird species that call the Persian gulf dwelling house. Concerns regarding the endangerment of the kalbaensis subspecies of the collared kingfishers were raised by conservationists over real manor development by the United Arab Emirates and Sultanate of oman.[79] Estimates from 2006 showed that only three viable nesting sites were bachelor for this aboriginal bird, one located 80 miles (129 km) from Dubai, and two smaller sites in Oman.[79] Such real estate expansion could prove devastating to this subspecies. A UN plan to protect the mangroves as a biological reserve was ignored past the emirate of Sharjah, which allowed the dredging of a channel that bisects the wetland and construction of an adjacent concrete walkway.[79] Ecology watchdogs in Arabia are few, and those that do abet the wild fauna are often silenced or ignored by developers of real manor many of whom take governmental connections.[79]

Real manor development in the Western farsi Gulf by the United Arab Emirates and Sultanate of oman too raised concerns that habitats of species such equally the hawksbill turtle, greater flamingo, and booted warbler may be destroyed.[79] [80] The dolphins that frequent the Farsi gulf in northern waters effectually Iran are as well at hazard. Recent statistics and observations show that dolphins are at danger of entrapment in pocketbook seine fishing nets and exposure to chemic pollutants; perhaps the nigh alarming sign is the "mass suicides" committed by dolphins off Iran'due south Hormozgan province, which are non well understood, but are suspected to be linked with a deteriorating marine surround from h2o pollution from oil, sewage, and industrial run offs.[81] [82]

Fish and reefs

The Persian Gulf is home to over 700 species of fish, about of which are native.[83] Of these 700 species, more than lxxx% are reef associated.[83] These reefs are primarily rocky, only there are also a few coral reefs. Compared to the Red Bounding main, the coral reefs in the Western farsi Gulf are relatively few and far between.[84] [85] [86] This is primarily connected to the influx of major rivers, especially the Shatt al-Arab (Euphrates and Tigris), which carry large amounts of sediment (most reef-building corals require strong calorie-free) and causes relatively big variations in temperature and salinity (corals in general are poorly suited to large variations).[84] [85] [86] Nonetheless, coral reefs take been found forth sections of coast of all countries in the Persian gulf.[86] Corals are vital ecosystems that support multitude of marine species, and whose health directly reflects the health of the Persian gulf. Recent years have seen a drastic decline in the coral population in the Persian gulf, partially owing to global warming simply generally to irresponsible dumping by Arab states like the UAE and Bahrain.[87] Construction garbage such as tires, cement, and chemical by products have found their way to the Farsi Gulf in contempo years. Bated from direct damage to the coral, the structure waste creates "traps" for marine life in which they are trapped and die.[87] The end issue has been a dwindling population of the coral, and equally a result a decrease in number of species that rely on the corals for their survival.

Flora

A great example of this symbiosis are the mangroves in the Persian gulf, which require tidal catamenia and a combination of fresh and table salt water for growth, and human activity as nurseries for many crabs, small fish, and insects; these fish and insects are the source of nutrient for many of the marine birds that feed on them.[79] Mangroves are a diverse grouping of shrubs and trees belonging to the genus Avicennia or Rhizophora that flourish in the salt water shallows of the Persian gulf, and are the near important habitats for modest crustaceans that dwell in them. They are as crucial an indicator of biological health on the surface of the water, equally the corals are to biological health of the Western farsi gulf in deeper waters. Mangroves' ability to survive the salt water through intricate molecular mechanisms, their unique reproductive cycle, and their power to grow in the almost oxygen-deprived waters take allowed them all-encompassing growth in hostile areas of the Western farsi gulf.[88] [89] Notwithstanding, with the advent of artificial island development, near of their habitat is destroyed, or occupied by human being-made structures. This has had a negative impact on the crustaceans that rely on the mangrove, and in turn on the species that feed on them.

Gallery

  • Dugong mother and her offspring in shallow water

  • Critically endangered Arabian humpback whales (existence the most isolated, and the only resident population in the world) off Dhofar, Oman

Oil and gas

Oil and gas pipelines and fields

The Persian Gulf and its coastal areas are the world'southward largest single source of petroleum,[xc] and related industries dominate the region. Safaniya Oil Field, the earth'southward largest offshore oilfield, is located in the Persian Gulf. Large gas finds accept also been made, with Qatar and Islamic republic of iran sharing a behemothic field across the territorial median line (North Field in the Qatari sector; Due south Pars Field in the Iranian sector). Using this gas, Qatar has built up a substantial liquefied natural gas (LNG) and petrochemical industry.

In 2002, the Persian Gulf nations of Bahrain, Iran, Republic of iraq, State of kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE produced near 25% of the world'due south oil, held nearly ii-thirds of the world'due south crude oil reserves, and about 35% of the world's natural gas reserves.[91] [92] The oil-rich countries (excluding Iraq) that have a coastline on the Persian Gulf are referred to as the Persian Gulf States. Iraq's egress to the Farsi gulf is narrow and easily blockaded consisting of the marshy river delta of the Shatt al-Arab, which carries the waters of the Euphrates and the Tigris rivers, where the east banking company is held by Iran.

Meet likewise

  • Eastern Arabia
  • Eastern Arabian cuisine
  • Cradle of civilization
  • Drench (prehistoric)
  • Musandam Peninsula
  • History of the United Arab Emirates#The pearling industry and the Portuguese empire: 16th - 18th century
  • Saeed bin Butti#Perpetual Maritime Truce
  • Trucial States
  • Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi#Perpetual Maritime Truce of 1853
  • Persian Gulf campaign of 1809
  • Persian Gulf campaign of 1819
  • General Maritime Treaty of 1820
  • Geography of Iran
  • Geography of Kingdom of saudi arabia
  • Geography of Oman
  • Geography of United Arab Emirates
  • Geography of Qatar
  • Geography of Bahrain
  • Geography of State of kuwait
  • Geography of Republic of iraq

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External links

  • Qatar Digital Library – an online portal providing access to previously undigitised British Library archive materials relating to Gulf history and Arabic scientific discipline
  • Western farsi Gulf, Encyclopædia Iranica
  • The Portuguese in the Arabian peninsula and in the Farsi Gulf
  • 32 historical map of Persian gulf, at flickr.com
  • Persian Gulf from 1920
  • Sharks in the Gulf
Videos
  • Documents on the Farsi Gulf's proper name the eternal heritage aboriginal time by Dr.Mohammad Ajam

lindsayblighte.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf

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